Religion and Its Role Are in Dispute at the Service = Academies

Religion and Its Role Are = in Dispute at=20 the Service Academies

Three years after a scandal at the Air=20 Force Academy over the evangelizing of cadets by Christian staff and = faculty=20 members, students and staff at West=20 Point and the Naval Academy are complaining that their schools, too, = have=20 pushed religion on cadets and midshipmen.

The controversy led the Air=20 Force to adopt guidelines that discourage public prayers at official = events=20 or meetings. And while those rules do not apply to other branches of the = service, critics say the new complaints raise questions about the = military=92s=20 commitment to policies against imposing religion on its members.

Religion in the military has come under increasing scrutiny in recent = years,=20 especially because the close confines of military life often put two = larger=20 societal trends =97 the rise of evangelicals and the rise of people of = no=20 organized faith =97 onto a collision course.

At the Naval Academy in Annapolis, Md., nine midshipmen recently = asked the American=20 Civil Liberties Union to petition the school to abolish daily prayer = at=20 weekday lunch, where attendance is mandatory. The midshipmen and the = A.C.L.U.=20 assert that the practice is unconstitutional, based in large part on a = 2004=20 appellate court ruling against a similar prayer at the Virginia=20 Military Institute. The civil liberties group has threatened legal = action if=20 the policy is not changed.

But the academy is not persuaded.

=93The academy does not intend to change its practice of offering = midshipmen an=20 opportunity for prayer or devotional thought during noon meal = announcements,=94=20 Cmdr. Ed Austin, an academy spokesman, said in an e-mail message.

In interviews at West Point, seven cadets, two officers and a former = chaplain=20 said that religion, especially evangelical Christianity, was a constant = at the=20 academy. They said that until recently, cadets who did not attend = religious=20 services during basic training were sometimes referred to as = =93heathens.=94 They=20 said mandatory banquets begin with prayer, including a reading from the = Bible at=20 a recent gala.

But most of their complaints center on Maj. Gen. Robert L. Caslen, = until=20 recently the academy=92s top military leader and, since early May, the = commander=20 of the 25th Infantry Division in Hawaii. The cadets and staff said = General=20 Caslen, as commandant of cadets at West Point, routinely brought up God = in=20 speeches at events cadets were required to attend.

In his farewell speech to the cadet corps this spring, General Caslen = told=20 them: =93Draw your strength in the days ahead from your faith in God. = Let it be=20 the moral compass that guides you in the decisions you make.=94

The groups of cadets and midshipmen, who do not know each other, echo = the=20 same view: that the military, regardless of its official policies, by=20 emphasizing religion, especially Christianity, at events that students = are=20 required to attend sends the message that to be considered successful = officers=20 they have to believe in God.

=93Nowhere does it say that you have to be a good Christian officer = or Jewish=20 officer or Muslim officer: You need to be an officer dedicated to the=20 Constitution of the United States,=94 said Steven Warner, who graduated = from West=20 Point last month. =93They tell us as an officer you have to put = everything aside,=20 all your personal stuff. But religion is the one thing they encourage = you to=20 wear on your sleeve.=94

Cynthia Lindenmeyer, a 1990 West Point graduate who was a civilian = chaplain=20 at the school from 2000 to 2007, offered a similar view.

=93As a cadet, you are at a very vulnerable place in your spiritual=20 development,=94 she said, =93and you want to be like the people who = mentor you.=94

Col. Bryan Hilferty, a West Point spokesman, rejected the idea that = the=20 academy endorses religion, even tacitly, or that General Caslen had said = anything inappropriate in his time there. And others, including many = cadets,=20 endorsed that view.

In interviews on campus, 15 randomly selected cadets said that they = did not=20 feel religion was foisted upon them.

=93There is a spiritual aspect here that people feel is part of the = development=20 of an officer,=94 said Brad Hoelscher, who graduated last month, =93but = not a=20 specific brand of religion or even religion itself.=94

Col. John J. Cook III, head chaplain at West Point, said, =93No one = is pushing=20 them to believe.=94

Referring to prayers at mandatory settings, he said: =93This is = something we=20 have done in the military for centuries. It is not designed to make = people=20 religious. The majority of people here are people of faith, and a prayer = asks=20 God=92s blessing on a gathering and on the food.=94

The Air Force, however, took a different view in the guidelines it = adopted in=20 2005. For example, the guidelines say: =93Supervisors, commanders and = leaders at=20 every level bear a special responsibility to ensure their words and = actions=20 cannot reasonably be construed as either official endorsement or = disapproval of=20 the decisions of individuals to hold particular religious beliefs or to = hold no=20 religious beliefs.=94

Since the Air Force investigation, controversies over religion in the = military have continued. Last year, the Army inspector general issued a = report=20 critical of seven officers, including four generals, who appeared, in = uniform=20 and in violation of military regulations, in a 2006 fund-raising video = for the=20 Christian Embassy, an evangelical Bible study group. General Caslen was = among=20 the officers.

The cadets and midshipmen do not claim practices at West Point and = the Naval=20 Academy are as egregious as those at the Air Force Academy, which were = found to=20 include expressions of anti-Semitism, official sponsorship of a showing = of =93The=20 Passion of the Christ=94 and a locker room banner that said athletes = played for=20 =93Team Jesus.=94 But given the vast authority superiors have over = subordinates in=20 the military, prayer and repeated mention of God in mandatory settings = can=20 communicate a requirement to be religious, military and legal experts = said.

=93You always have to be aware of the authority you have within your = rank and=20 uniform and the coercive potential of that authority,=94 said Robert = Tuttle, a=20 constitutional law expert and professor at George=20 Washington University Law School whose father is a retired four-star = Army=20 general

At the Naval Academy, midshipmen have contacted the A.C.L.U. over the = years,=20 questioning the constitutionality of the noon meal prayer, especially = after the=20 2004 court ruling, said Debbie Jeon, legal director of the group=92s = Maryland=20 organization.

No midshipmen have wanted to take action until now, Ms. Jeon said. = Three=20 recent graduates, who spoke on condition of anonymity for fear of = retaliation,=20 said that all 4,300 midshipmen enter the noon meal together and that = before they=20 eat they are invited to pray by a chaplain. The academy=92s eight = chaplains are=20 all officers, and all but one are Christian. Those midshipmen who do not = bow=20 their heads with their hands clasped in front are conspicuous, they = said, which=20 makes some, especially underclassmen, feel very uncomfortable.

=93By these people talking everyday, whether they make it voluntary = or not,=20 they make it very clear that this is the standard, and the standard is = Judaism=20 or Christianity,=94 said a recent graduate who was raised Roman Catholic = but is=20 now an atheist. =93I feel it=92s inappropriate to have this in a public=20 institution.=94

The midshipmen used an anonymous feedback system at the academy to = voice=20 their concerns to the administration. But its response, in a list of = answers to=20 questions about =93the U.S.N.A. noon meal prayer,=94 contends that = exposure to=20 religious customs is important to the development of midshipmen and that = those=20 against the prayer should compromise.

The Navy=92s arguments, however, were rejected by appellate court = decisions in=20 earlier lawsuits, Mr. Tuttle said.

Religious liberty advocates like Mikey Weinstein of the Military = Religious=20 Freedom Foundation said fear silenced those troubled by religiosity at = the=20 academies.

=93There is this massive sense of two things: that you are not wanted = and you=20 are made to feel like last-class citizens,=94 said Mr. Weinstein, a = former Air=20 Force officer. He added that he had been contacted by 31 cadets and = staff=20 members from West Point, including those who raised concerns about = General=20 Caslen, and 56 people from the Naval Academy, including 39 midshipmen. = Almost=20 all are afraid to go public.

At West Point, nearly all of those who raised concerns about religion = at the=20 academy in interviews were raised as Christians, though some are now = agnostic or=20 atheist.

They said the primacy of faith was apparent at West Point. This year, = all=20 cadets received a book about moral development based on the cadet = prayer. At his=20 commencement speech this year at West Point, Secretary of the Army Pete = Geren=20 started and ended with a quote from the Bible when God speaks to Isaiah, = and he=20 cast the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan as a clash between American and = radical=20 Islamic approaches to religious liberty.

General Caslen served as commandant of cadets from mid-2006 to last = month.=20 Cadets praised him as a military commander, but they said religiosity at = West=20 Point increased under him.

In a speech last August that all cadets had to attend, General Caslen = told=20 cadets they were all God=92s children and that was why he respected = them.

=93It wasn=92t the first time,=94 said Mr. Warner, who was raised = Pentecostal but=20 is now atheist. =93He always brings it up when he talks about leadership = or moral=20 values.=94

In an interview, General Caslen said he had a =93hard time=94 = understanding how=20 describing the dignity of others in terms of their being God=92s = children would be=20 offensive, but nonetheless he apologized.

He said he was careful not to use his position to impose his = religious views=20 on others. But he said that while one need not be religious to be a good = officer, a West Point field manual on leadership talks of the spiritual=20 formation of cadets.

=93That is the leadership development model for West Point and that = recognizes=20 there is a supreme being,=94 he said. =93The values of one=92s faith = play an important=20 role in moral development, and they undergird the development of ideas = like=20 duty, honor, country.=94

The West Point cadets and Navy midshipmen said they wanted the = practices to=20 end, and their hope is that the military will make changes on its own. =

=93I have more faith in the Army than most people do,=94 said Mr. = Warner, 27, who=20 served as an enlisted man before enrolling at West Point. =93It can = police itself=20 if it chooses=20 to.=94

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